MACD - Moving Average Convergence / Divergence.

MACD stands for Moving Average Convergence / Divergence, a technical analysis indicator created by Gerald Appel in the late 1970s. It is used to spot changes in the strength, direction, momentum, and duration of a trend in a stock's price.

The MACD is a computation of the difference between two exponential moving averages (EMAs) of closing prices. This difference is charted over time, alongside a moving average of the difference. The divergence between the two is shown as a histogram or bar graph.

Exponential moving averages highlight recent changes in a stock's price. By comparing EMAs of different periods, the MACD line illustrates changes in the trend of a stock. Then by comparing that difference to an average, an analyst can chart subtle shifts in the stock's trend.

Since the MACD is based on moving averages, it is inherently a lagging indicator. As a metric of price trends, the MACD is less useful for stocks that are not trending or are trading erratically.

Note that the term "MACD" is used both generally, to refer to the indicator as a whole, and specifically, to the MACD line itself.

Basic components

The graph above shows a stock with an MACD indicator underneath it. The indicator shows a blue line, a red line, and a histogram or bar chart which calculates the difference between the two lines. Values are calculated from the price of the stock in the main part of the graph.

For the example above this means:

• MACD line (blue line): difference between the 12 and 26 days EMAs
• signal (red line): 9 day EMA of the blue line
• histogram (bar graph): difference between the blue and red lines

Mathematically:

• MACD = EMA[fast,12] – EMA[slow,26]
• signal = EMA[period,9] of MACD
• histogram = MACD – signal

The period for the moving averages on which an MACD is based can vary, but the most commonly used parameters involve a faster EMA of 12 days, a slower EMA of 26 days, and the signal line as a 9 day EMA of the difference between the two. It is written in the form, MACD(faster, slower, signal) or in this case, MACD(12,26,9).

Interpretation

Exponential moving averages highlight recent changes in a stock's price. By comparing EMAs of different lengths, the MACD line gauges changes in the trend of a stock. By then comparing differences in the change of that line to an average, an analyst can identify subtle shifts in the strength and direction of a stock's trend.

Traders recognize three meaningful signals generated by the MACD indicator.

When:

• the MACD line crosses the signal line
• the MACD line crosses zero
• there is a divergence between the MACD line and the price of the stock or between the histogram and the price of the stock

Graphically this corresponds to:

• the blue line crossing the red line
• the blue line crossing the x-axis (the straight black line in the middle of the indicator)
• higher highs (lower lows) on the price graph but not on the blue line, or higher highs (lower lows) on the price graph but not on the bar graph

And mathematically:

• MACD – signal = 0
• EMA[fast,12] – EMA[slow,26] = 0
• Sign (relative price extremum_final – relative price extremum_initial) ≠ Sign (relative MACD extremum_final – MACD extremum_initial)

Signal line crossover

Signal line crossovers are the primary cues provided by the MACD. The standard interpretation is to buy when the MACD line crosses up through the signal line, or sell when it crosses down through the signal line.

The upwards move is called a bullish crossover and the downwards move a bearish crossover. Respectively, they indicate that the trend in the stock is about to accelerate in the direction of the crossover.

The histogram shows when a crossing occurs. Since the histogram is the difference between the MACD line and the signal line, when they cross there is no difference between them.

The histogram can also help in visualizing when the two lines are approaching a crossover. Though it may show a difference, the changing size of the difference can indicate the acceleration of a trend. A narrowing histogram suggests a crossover may be approaching, and a widening histogram suggests that an ongoing trend is likely to get even stronger.

While it is theoretically possible for a trend to increase indefinitely, under normal circumstances, even stocks moving drastically will eventually slow down, lest they go up to infinity or down to nothing.

Zero crossover

A crossing of the MACD line through zero happens when there is no difference between the fast and slow EMAs. A move from positive to negative is bearish and from negative to positive, bullish. Zero crossovers provide evidence of a change in the direction of a trend but less confirmation of its momentum than a signal line crossover.

Divergence

The third cue, divergence, refers to a discrepancy between the MACD line and the graph of the stock price. Positive divergence between the MACD and price arises when price makes hits a new low, but the MACD doesn't. This is interpreted as bullish, suggesting the downtrend may be nearly over. Negative divergence is when the stock price hits a new high but the MACD does not. This is interpreted as bearish, suggesting that recent price increases will not continue.

Divergence may also occur between the stock price and the histogram. If new high price levels are not confirmed by new high histogram levels, it is considered bearish; alternately, if new low price levels are not confirmed by new low histogram levels, it is considered bullish.

Longer and sharper divergences—distinct peaks or troughs—are regarded as more significant than small, shallow patterns.

Timing

The MACD is only as useful as the context in which it is applied. An analyst might apply the MACD to a weekly scale before looking at a daily scale, in order to avoid making short term trades against the direction of the intermediate trend. Analysts will also vary the parameters of the MACD to track trends of varying duration. One popular short-term set-up, for example, is the (5,35,5).

False signals

Like any indicator, the MACD can generate false signals. A false positive, for example, would be a bullish crossover followed by a sudden decline in a stock. A false negative would be a situation where there was no bullish crossover, yet the stock accelerated suddenly upwards.

A prudent strategy would be to apply a filter to signal line crossovers to ensure that they will hold. An example of a price filter would be to buy if the MACD line breaks above the signal line and then remains above it for three days. As with any filtering strategy, this reduces both the probability of false signals as well as the frequency of missed profit.

Analysts use a variety of approaches to filter out false signals and confirm true ones. As a lagging indicator, the MACD is often paired with a leading indicator, like the Relative Strength Index (RSI). Historical comparisons to similar stocks as well as a careful investigation of past price movements provide added information about how a stock tends to move.

Limitations

The MACD has often been criticized for failing to respond in very low or alternately very high volatility market conditions. Since the MACD measures the divergence between averages, it can only give meaningful feedback as trends change. Thus, the MACD is less useful if the market is not trending—trading sideways or trading erratically—making sudden, dramatic, and/or countervailing moves.

In a sideways market, the divergence between averages will not have a trend to illuminate. In an erratic market, the changes will happen too quickly to be picked up by moving averages or will cancel each other out, diminishing the MACDs usefulness. A partial caveat to this criticism is that whether a market is trending or volatile is always relative to a particular timeframe, and the MACD can be adjusted to shorter or longer spans.

Finally, though some analysts trade on technical indicators alone, the abundance of experts recommend a complete work-up of a company's business sectors, financial strength, past earnings, new products, management, and institutional buying. For more traditional investors, an indicator like the MACD may be used only to support a previously determined stock choice, or to select an ideal entry-point into a fundamentally sound stock.

Oscillator classification

The MACD is an absolute price oscillator (APO), because it deals with the actual prices of moving averages rather than percentage changes. A percentage price oscillator (PPO), on the other hand, computes the difference between two moving averages of price divided by the longer moving average value.

While an APO will show greater levels for higher priced securities and smaller levels for lower priced securities, a PPO calculates changes relative to price. Subsequently, a PPO is preferred when: comparing oscillator values between different securities, especially those with substantially different prices; or comparing oscillator values for the same security at significantly different times, especially a security whose value has changed greatly.

A third member of the price oscillator family is the detrended price oscillator (DPO), which ignores long term trends while emphasizing short term patterns.

Signal processing theory

In signal processing terms, the MACD is a filtered measure of velocity. The velocity has been passed through two first-order linear low pass filters. The "signal line" is that resulting velocity, filtered again. The difference between those two, the histogram, is a measure of the acceleration, with all three filters applied. An MACD crossover of the signal line indicates that the direction of the acceleration is changing. The MACD line crossing zero suggests that the average velocity is changing direction.

History

The MACD was invented by Gerald Appel in the 1970's. Thomas Aspray added a histogram to the MACD in 1986, as a means to anticipate MACD crossovers, an indicator of important moves in the underlying security.

MACD Topic - Technical Analysis

Technical analysis is a security analysis discipline for forecasting the future direction of prices through the study of past market data, primarily price and volume.