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When you buy stocks it is very important to understand derivatives valuation.

Derivatives valuation

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Market and arbitrage-free prices

Two common measures of value are:

  • Market price, i.e. the price at which traders are willing to buy or sell the contract
  • Arbitrage-free price, meaning that no risk-free profits can be made by trading in these contracts; see rational pricing

Determining the market price

For exchange-traded derivatives, market price is usually transparent (often published in real time by the exchange, based on all the current bids and offers placed on that particular contract at any one time).

Complications can arise with OTC or floor-traded contracts though, as trading is handled manually, making it difficult to automatically broadcast prices. In particular with OTC contracts, there is no central exchange to collate and disseminate prices.

Determining the arbitrage-free price

The arbitrage-free price for a derivatives contract is complex, and there are many different variables to consider. Arbitrage-free pricing is a central topic of financial mathematics. The stochastic process of the price of the underlying asset is often crucial.

A key equation for the theoretical valuation of options is the Black–Scholes formula, which is based on the assumption that the cash flows from a European stock option can be replicated by a continuous buying and selling strategy using only the stock. A simplified version of this valuation technique is the binomial options model.


Derivatives valuation Topic - Derivatives

A derivative is a financial instrument that is derived from some other asset, index, event, value or condition (known as the underlying asset). Rather than trade or exchange the underlying asset itself, derivative traders enter into an agreement to exchange cash or assets over time based on the underlying asset. A simple example is a futures contract: an agreement to exchange the underlying asset at a future date.


 
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PLEASE READ THE IMPORTANT DISCLOSURES BELOW.

Securities products and services offered by Transcend Capital, LLC, a registered broker dealer, Member FINRA/SIPC.
6500 River Place Blvd., Bldg. 4, Ste. 102, Austin, TX 78730. 512-623-7774.

The information contained on this Web site does not constitute an offer to buy or sell, or the solicitation of an offer to buy or sell securities. No information found on this Web site should be construed by any consumer as investment advice, tax advice or a recommendation or solicitation to effect or attempt to effect transactions in securities.

Symbols and price and volume data shown here are for illustrative purposes only. Transcend Capital and/or its employees and/or officers may have positions in securities referenced herein, and may, as principal or agent, buy from or sell to clients. Account access, trade executions, and system response may be adversely affected by market conditions, quote delays, system performance, and other factors.

Any specific securities, or types of securities, used as examples are for demonstration purposes only. None of the information provided should be considered a recommendation or solicitation to invest in, or liquidate, a particular security or type of security.

Options carry a high level of risk and are not suitable for all investors. Please read the Options Disclosures Document Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options before considering any option transaction

Certain requirements must be met to trade options at Transcend Capital. With long options, investors may lose 100% of funds invested. Multiple leg options strategies will involve multiple commissions. Spread trading must be done in a margin account. Please read the Options Disclosure Document titled Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options before considering any option transaction.

Diversification and Asset Allocation strategies do not ensure a profit and cannot protect against losses in a declining market. While an investment in a specific sector may involve a greater degree of risk than an investment with greater diversification, strategies that include broadly diversified portfolios do not ensure a profit and do not protect against losses.

Additional advanced options education is available from the OIC.

Transcend Capital, LLC and JunoTrade Corporation are not legally affiliated.


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